This document is a scanned version of Du Bois et al. 1988, chapter 2. No systematic efforts have been attempted to correct errors due to the scanning process. Audio files are digitized based on the accompanying tape from the authors.
Note that although not all of the conventions described here reflect
the latest version of this particular transcription system, as represented
by Du Bois et al. 1993, the majority of the conventions we see here is
still current and some of the notations have been updated by me with a
"search-and-replacement" method. The reason I chose this older version
of the system and put it here is simply because the audio tape of the examples
goes with this version.
<H H> high: raised pitch |
<L L> low: lowered pitch |
<R R> rapid: quicker tempo |
<S S> slow: slower tempo |
<F F> forte: increased loudness |
<P P> piano: decreased loudness |
<Q Q> quotation: quoted quality |
<% %> creaky voice, glottalized |
<MARC MARC> marcato: each word distinct and emphasized |
<ACC ACC> accelerando: gradual speeding up |
<DEC DEC> decelerando: gradual slowing down |
<PAR PAR> parenthetical prosody |
<WHIS WHIS> whispered words |
<L2 L2> code switching |
uh
um unh |
hesitation (filled pause)
|
m
hm huh hunh |
backchannel, awareness, wonder |
mhm
unhunh uhuh |
affirmative response (final syllable stressed) |
unh-unh | negative response (initial syllable stressed) |
uh-oh | alarm cry |